The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan Assignment

The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan - Assignment Example An organization’s internal marketing and a production function affects virtually all organizational activities. The motor vehicle industry in the United States of America is one of the main contributors to the country’s economic success, creating over 600,000 jobs per year. One of the universally known motor vehicle manufacturers in the country is Toyota Company. The company has instituted a well-organized and managed network that transforms separated parts and raw materials into fully functioning vehicles. The network entails the identification and financing of raw materials, promotion activities, management and distribution of the finished products to the end users (Toyota’s U.S, 2011). The Toyota Company also works hand in hand with other firms that have the business of producing motor vehicle parts, sales, and final vehicle assembly. Referring to the International Trade Commission, in the production of Toyota vehicles, the United States Toyota company imports motor vehicle parts worth over $ 77 million per year. However, the amount is projected to increase within the coming years. Tires and brakes is some of the highly-imported vehicle parts by the company in the production of a fully functional Toyota vehicle. ... Japan is currently the leading exporter of drive train components into the Toyota Company. Mexico on the other hand has dominated the supply of Toyota vehicle interior components including seats parts and wiring harnesses. Mexico’s supplies into the company are preferred due to its sensitive labor costs. To necessitate efficient and timely production and marketing of Toyota vehicles in the global market, the United States of America Toyota company has created an exceptionally productive Just-In-Time strategy. The strategy aims at ensuring that, raw materials and other essential components are delivered to the company instantly and at the right time. This has reduced tremendously time wastage in the production process. It is also significant to note that, most of the vehicles manufactured by the company are sometimes not meant for the global market. Additionally, to be relevant and competitive in the global market, Toyota Company has also established manufacturing plants in som e of its major regional and global markets. Initially, the United States of America’s Toyota primary market was in Europe and the United States of America. However, the company has in the recent past expanded its markets into other countries including South Korea, China, and in Africa, forcing it to open manufacturing plants to the identified countries. The absence of industry-wide standards has forced the Toyota Company to have a worldwide customization of Toyota vehicles in global market. In these cases, the company gives its customers the choice to specify a particular vehicle model. The customization is in most cases done either through online services

Negative Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Technology Essay The advantages of technology are undeniable, electronic devices make our life much easier as we can save time and money when using them: cars, microwaves, mobile phones†¦ In contrast, there are a lot of disadvantages that we don’t take into account. The recession is not the only cause of unemployment: technology has enabled multinational companies to replace their workers with machines. This business process has created job redundancies and downsizing. In addition, local agencies and music stores have been forced to shut down since items are available online. Technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient but it has also brought along privacy issues. People are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. In order to feel secure at the work place is necessary to be in constant learning mode, as technology keeps on changing every day. There is always a new discovery or development that may be useful to make our job safer. Also, the more technology that we create the more technology that we dispose of. This problem is exponentially growing. Practically everyone has a cell phone which has a life span of about 3 or 4 years, when we replace them they are usually thrown into a big pile and released harmful agents into the environment. Related to cell phones, I have found 3 key points that explain how do they affect on humans health: 1. First of all, studies have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly. 2. Nevertheless, you need to know that cell phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phone is held. 3. The amount of radiofrequency energy we are exposed to depends on the technology of the phone, the distance between the phone’s antenna and the user, the extent and type of use, and the userâ €™s distance from cell phone towers. Technology has also affected society in general. Even the fact that we can now communicate at any time anywhere may sound like a good thing, the fact remains that people do not interact personally with one another as often as they used to. This has affected the interaction between people as it has created a barrier in personable, face-to-face communication. As a result, there are certain habits that are losing relevance among people such as going out to play a basketball match or meeting a friend at a coffee shop. This is happening because people don’t feel the need to step outside of their home to find entertainment and fun. Technology is a privilege to have but interaction with other people is crucial, and being responsible for ones actions and not letting technology rule our lives is very important too. I am not saying that all technology is bad or evil, but we do need to be careful that we dont become slaves to our own creations. http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html Bibliography:  · Anon, 2009. Negative effects of modern day technology. Available at: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html [Accessed December 13, 2012].  · Aydan Corkern, 2009. The Negative Effects Of Advancing Technology On Society. Available at: http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].  · Veethi Telang, 2011. Negative Impact of technology. Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].

Suicide In Our Society :: essays research papers

Suicide In Our Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once every minute someone tries to commit suicide. Sixty or seventy times a day these attempts succeed.( Earl A. Grollman, Suicide: Prevention, Intervention, Postvention, Boston: Beacon Press, 1988, p.4) Unlike what many want to believe, suicide can happen to anyone regardless of race, age or sex. News reports, books and the internet all point in the same direction. We are undergoing a breakdown in our social roles, and suicide is the result.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first ever recorded talk of suicide was in 2000 B.C., when a man says that his life is filled with pain and suffering and he is contemplating taking his own life. Although attitudes toward suicide have changed over the years, it has not ceased to happen. The first suicide prevention Centre didn't come until almost 4000 years later. In 1774, England created the first Centre to try to prevent attempted suicides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicide prevention isn't happening until it's too late. One high school, in a small town in Quebec, had four suicides in seven weeks. After these had happened, the school invited parents in to discuss suicide prevention. (CTV News 11:00 p.m. January 6, 1997.) These might have been able to be prevented if communities would assume their roles and discuss it on a regular basis and not have suicide be a word that is whispered but never spoken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The myth that those who talk about suicide will never actually go through with it is completely false. Most people who do kill themselves give some sort of clue before doing so. It may be something very subtle such as â€Å"I wonder where my father keeps his gun† or they might just come right out and say â€Å" I would rather die then go on living this way.† What ever it is everyone should know how to recognize when someone is feeling suicidal and get help to them right away. Suicide can be prevented if noticed at an early enough stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicidal feelings can be brought upon someone by many different situations. Someone with a terminal illness may not see a reason to continue a short life of pain, when they think they'll die soon anyway. Economical stress hurts more then just your wallet, someone may feel that they are a failure and that may bring suicidal feelings. The death of a loved one or the breakdown of a family can also cause these feelings. Because someone may fall in to one of these categories doesn't mean that they are suicidal, but all hints should be taken seriously. A cry for help needs help from a professional helper.

Global Communications

For many companies, how they should survive in a changing market is very important to them and often results in many difficult decisions being made. These decisions can include whether to lay off employees, outsourcing some work to other countries, pay and benefit cuts, and many other concerns. Since this is the case, companies such as Global Communications have very serious issues that must be resolved in the best interest of the future of the company while still ensuring that the employees and others that have some stake in the company are treated fairly and in the best way possible. In order to understand some of the problems that Global Communications is facing, it is important to understand the issues of globalization and outsourcing, which is the act of sending work to other countries because of less expensive labor costs in those countries. There will be three main topics that will be addressed in the paper. These include outsourcing and globalization and their effects on a company, leadership concerns when it comes to IT, and the problems that are faced between companies and unions when they have difficulties in resolving issues based on contracts and other concerns. Many of the new technologies that are created and implemented today are often promoted by the suppliers and are only through channels that actually reach fellow technologists such as managers that specifically deal with management information systems (Connolly, 2004). This does not help those that are designed to lead organizations do their job effectively. These individuals learn about the new technology but quite often they do not know about the problems and challenges that are faced by middle management and other end users, such as front-desk employees (Connolly, 2004). Not only are they not aware of the challenges and problems that are being faced and should be handled but they do not know how to present the various capabilities of these new technological products to the individuals that will be using them (Connolly, 2004). The role of the leader should be much more than what it is in many companies, and therefore it is important to look at the problems that leaders face when it comes to information technology. Most of these problems come about from what was mentioned above – individuals that are too technology-minded and do not take the time to explain things to leaders and others that might not understand some of the technical terminology, but would certainly understand what is needed and what they should have. A system can then be designed around that, but many individuals that work with and understand technology do not look at this type of issue. Leadership, however, is not the only issue. The outsourcing of many companies to other countries is also one of the main problems for many companies that feel that they need to expand and need cheaper labor to do so. The plight of the American worker is something that has been lamented throughout history for various reasons. Some of these reasons were really more significant than others, and some of the reasons were simply complaints that the workers felt that they could get away with. However, outsourcing is somewhat different than just a workers' complaint. The reason behind this is that outsourcing affects so many different people for various reasons. From the poorly-skilled immigrant that is desperate for a job to the corporate executive that loses his job because there is no longer anyone for him to supervise, outsourcing can affect almost everyone. Those that use outsourcing companies do not have to pay these temporary individuals the same type of salaries that they would pay to keep their full-time workers, nor do they have to pay them any type of benefits. Many people are concerned that outsourcing might cost them their jobs that others wonder if outsourcing is simply a trend that is passing through. Many business owners are also asking themselves whether outsourcing actually works and whether the company that they own should offer services that are outsourced or contract out some of their departments for outsourcing. This is especially true of many companies when it comes to the aforementioned information technology (Clark, 2004). Individuals that work in the telecom services dealing with information technology, call centers, and other similar issues are becoming more interested in outsourcing, or what is sometimes known as offshoring (Clark, 2004). Those that work as agents in call centers and those that work as engineers in information technology are becoming very concerned about this issue as well because many of the jobs that they hold or want to hold in the future are being sent to other countries (Clark, 2004). The issue came up recently in the last presidential election debate because the idea of keeping jobs here is very important to the American public but there are also good reasons to outsource specific jobs. Most people believe that outsourcing is a relatively new concept but this is simply not the case. Starting as far back as the 1950s the United States contracted many manufacturing programs with various Asian countries (Clark, 2004). The outsourcing area that is often called offshore has generally become synonymous with the idea of losing many American jobs to India (Clark, 2004). A survey that was recently taken by a human resources consulting firm found that information technology is the largest area for outsourcing. Over 67 percent of the companies that outsource utilize this for information technology, 49 percent of them utilize outsourcing for customer relations, 41 percent of them for the processes in the supply chain, and 42 percent of them for manufacturing (Clark, 2004). The survey, which looked at 500 corporations, found that approximately 45 percent were utilizing some type of outsourcing model that dealt with a global level or they planned to introduce this type of sourcing model within the next three years (Clark, 2004). There are risks to human capital that also come along with outsourcing jobs. Typically, saving money in a business by outsourcing jobs generally means that American employees must be laid off. As this trend continues and grows stronger labor unions and other employee groups are paying much more attention to what type of relationship is seen between unemployment and outsourcing (Pagach, 2004). There are many cases of employee groups becoming much more vocal on the issue and taking the concerns that they have to federal and state politicians hoping to encourage initiatives in the Legislature that would stop or reduce the outsourcing arrangements that can be made with companies offshore (Pagach, 2004). Naturally, there is also an information technology risk, once again because there is a great deal of expense that often takes place with the infrastructure and because the use of information technology makes keeping the secret and confidential items confidential somewhat more difficult (Pagach, 2004). The specifications for much of the technology that is needed may be very strict and some developing countries might not have everything they need in order to ensure that the technology that they are using is up-to-date enough to handle what they will be doing for a particular company (Pagach, 2004). Even though there are many concerns, however, there are also opportunities that can be seen from these issues. In regards to outsourcing, many other countries (in this case Ireland and India) can do certain activities or create certain goods less expensively than the United States can. Because of this, sending some work to these countries can help the profitability of the company that does so, and can also help that same company hire other workers that have more technical jobs and higher salaries. Some of these individuals can be hired from the money that is saved when the company outsources other jobs. For leadership, there are many ways that individuals can better themselves as leaders, and dealing with outsourcing and other IT issues can help leaders grow and change. This can be very significant, not only for the leaders, but for those that follow them and look up to them. Problems with labor unions are also significant, as they can also be very difficult and cause many problems. For those that must work with labor unions, there are opportunities to renegotiate issues and problems, and to come to a better understanding of what each party to the transaction actually needs from the other party, which is sometimes difficult to understand. The opportunities that are presented by the challenges that are faced by Global Communications are very significant, but in addition to these opportunities, one must also be aware of the stakeholders that are involved. Not only do the leaders of the company have a stake in what is happening with the company and where it is going in the future, but the workers in that company also have a stake in what is going on and what will happen later. Those that work with the company from other companies that exchange goods and services are also stakeholders, because what one company does might affect other companies that it works with. Those that lose their jobs because of the outsourcing often feel rejected and as though they lost everything. Those that end up ‘taking' those jobs in another country then become stakeholders as well, interested in hanging onto the jobs that they have acquired and hopeful that the company will continue to prosper so that they can keep their jobs. Others may become stakeholders in the future, if the company expands and brings more people in to work for it. All of the stakeholders and worthwhile individuals, and all of them have rights that the company must be careful not to tamper with as it goes about the changes that it chooses to make. As for the actual statement of the problem, it must address many issues, since there are three significant concerns that were discussed above. However, that must also be condensed into one statement so that it is easier to define. Knowing this, the statement of the problem is as follows: The issues of outsourcing and globalization, labor union concerns, and proper IT leadership are all significant concerns that must be addressed by Global Communications if the company is to continue to expand, keep its employees content, and ensure that the transitions that it makes goes as smoothly as possible. This type of problem statement is very open-ended and allows for a future that has many different ways of providing multiple opportunities for the company in the future. There are a significant number of different things that Global Communications can do to implement the changes that they wish to make in the future, and the goal for them is to ensure that they implement these changes in such a way that they are the least harmful to the largest number of individuals. As for end-state goals for Global Communications, these are somewhat more specific than the problem statement. The goals for this company are to: expand their business by outsourcing some of their work to India and Ireland; move as many people as possible to other jobs so that they will not be laid off; and work with the union to provide a satisfactory answer to the problems that are being faced. In order to do these things, Global Communications must work very hard and be willing to listen to and discuss new ideas and opinions. If the company is not willing to do this, it is quite likely that they will fail in at least one of their goals. Since leadership, outsourcing, and labor union difficulties are all concerns for Global Communications, and it has been seen how significant these issues can be, the company has no real choice but to work with others in such a way that as many people as possible can benefit from the changes. This will not be an easy road for the company, but it appears as though the labor union struggle will be the most difficult. If the outsourcing is done well and carefully and the leadership of the company is strong, it is likely that the labor union can actually reach an agreement with the company that everyone can live with. Clark, R. 2004. The real cost of outsourcing: turning over IT operations, call centers and network maintenance often involves more than service providers bargained for. America's Network. Clark, R. 2004. The real cost of outsourcing: turning over IT operations, call centers and network maintenance often involves more than service providers bargained for. America's Network.

Disadvantages of Globalization Essay

Globalization is any company’s target. However, it should be noted that globalization has disadvantages as well as advantages. One of the disadvantages of globalization is the over-standardization of products through global branding. Using Emirate Airline to illustrate this point, globalization will means that their services are standardized which aim to serve all customers. They would lose their uniqueness of the business culture after they go global. Also, the over-globalization will result in the lack of creativity and product diversity. Moreover, globalization can also create diseconomies of scale as not all countries have the same growth and economic cycle. For example, Emirate may operate very well in the Middle East and Europe market but expanding into Asia or America market will reduce their profit. This could be due to difficulties of coordinating activities in those new markets or the culture differences. It is also important to note that globalization will cause de- industrialization and high unemployment in the domestic market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Any business can not afford to promote their product in the similar ways using similar strategies. This is because not all products can serve the same requirements and demands. However, it is very important that customers are aware of the brand’s existence and the unique selling point of the product and brand must be well communicated to the user. Thus, businesses use segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) to find their customers and target them so that they can promote their product in the most efficient way. The first step of product promotion or even when product is just at its research stage is segmentation. Segmentation is the division of a broad market in smaller categories consisting of individuals with the similar characteristics. These individuals tend to show similar thinking and perception towards products and brands. When the market fluctuates or a new identical product is introduced to the market, customers in the same segment usually have the same respond to the market and the product. In a simple word, market segmentation can be called grouping as it group people with similar characteristics and thinking together. In the case of Nokia, market segmentation is very important as it significantly enhance the sales process and the brand image of the firm. Nokia has many different lines of products so segmentation is on crucial process in its operation. Nokia segmentation could be kids, male, female, high income customer, low income customer, young people and etc. Targeting is the next phase of the STP process. Targeting is done after the broad market has been segmented. Targeting involves devising various marketing strategies and promotional schemes according to the preferences of the different segments. Targeting is important as it could help an organization to reduce unnecessary promotion cost and also boost sale results of the product. As in the case of Nokia, they create phone for almost every segment so targeting them to the right segment will boost their sale results. For example, the Nokia cheaper line such as Nokia 1100, 1200, 1208 are aimed at people with lower income or as a secondary phone. On the other hand, Nokia 8800 is aimed at successful business man and their new smart phones are aim at young, middle income people. Positioning is the last stage of the STP process. After a company has done the market segmentation and targeting, it will work hard to create a good impression of its products in the target customers’ perception. Product positioning is what customers believe about the product’s value, features and benefits. It is important that the customers have a good perception over the product at the beginning stage of positioning otherwise, the product success will be quite challenging. By getting it right, positioning helps organization to create a good perception of the products in the minds of target audience. Using the case of Nokia, after they segment and target their customers, they could improve the product positioning by creating unique point of the product that fits well with the targeted customers. For example, for female target, Nokia could create product in more feminine colors such as white, pink and etc.

Sports in Victorian England Essays

Sports in Victorian England Essays Sports in Victorian England Paper Sports in Victorian England Paper Sports allow people to come together and spend time with one another. Women, children and men could all participate In one sport or another. As It Is now, It was back then, a great way to spend time with each other and Just kick back and relax. Some sports that were played back then were bicycling, croquet, lawn tennis, and soccer. Bicycling was a very popular sport to participate In. It was inexpensive to start and also a great way to get around without having a car. It started In England In about 1885 hen people needed to save money. By the sasss people started calling the era the Golden Age of Cycling. When cycling first started the bikes, as we call them today were a lot different than the bikes we ride today. The front wheel was about 40- 48 Inches In diameter and the rear wheel was about 16 Inches In diameter. This supposedly gave a smoother ride. Croquet was also a sport of the Victorian era. This sport was one of the few sports that women and men could play together. Since a lot of the sports had to do with speed and strength, many of the girls werent allowed to play. It was very popular around 1856 in England. Croquet started becoming very popular because women could play privately without men, and sometimes even Walt or against men. It malign nave even Eden ten TLS ever co-De game established. Women cheated often in this game by wearing long skirts and hiding their foot when they would kick the ball away from the target stick. Men had to read counseling books to learn how to deal with the girls behavior so they would not fight. Also Lawn Tennis was an awesome sport during that era. A lot of middle aged women played this game. After a while men also started playing tennis and a lot of organized competitions were started. At one point, there were so many people playing the game that it became chaotic because of the lack of organized rules, but people still had a lot of fun playing together. During the sass the game became patented, universal rules were established and money paying tournaments started. But still, there were still some inconsistent rules so it was still a mess. When All England Croquet Club was formed, a group of lawn tennis players took an entire summer to play and perfect the game. That was when the boundaries of the net and courts were set and became widely accepted. In 1877 the first serve was served and thats when the tennis we know today became the amazing sport it now is. Football is one of my favorite sports to watch and it was also a popular sport during the Victorian Era. If you compare it to todays games, it was like rugby and soccer put together. During ten Totally was more Like ten soccer AT today. It started In England In 1871 and was organized by churches to get more attendance at church. Thanks to those churches, football as become the number one most popular sport in the America today! The first rules were that the first team who scored 2 out of 3 times won the game. In university football, the players could tackle the other teams players to keep them from scoring a goal. Those rules eventually became widely accepted and developed into the game we know today. The first governing body ever was the Football Association (FAA). Women didnt get to play a lot of sports during the Victorian era. Back then werent thought of very highly. The two sports women mainly played were croquet and lawn tennis.

The eNotes Blog Small Spaces, Powerful Words Penguin Books Making the Mini ModernClassics

Small Spaces, Powerful Words Penguin Books Making the Mini ModernClassics Penguin Books Modern Classics line   is celebrating its fiftieth anniversary this year. To honor that landmark, the press is offering fifty titles in mini form. Each text measures a mere six inches by four inches. You can purchase each one individually or buy the entire box set. The works offered range from Beckett to Saki, Nabokov to Kafka and Updike to Wodehouse. When the company decided to offer this anniversary item to the public, the format presented some unique challenges for the copywriters who compose the blurbs on the back of each text.  Those writers have just a few inches, and therefore, only a few seconds, to convince you to buy the book. They must get across what makes each writers work unique, what their style is, their importance, their influence, and give a flavor of what is actually in the stories as well all in about fifty words. Louise Willder, the Copywriting Manager at Penguin, explains that they had a bit under nine months to write all fifty blurbs with their in-house copywriting staff- not a great deal of time to have read, absorbed, and researched relevant facts. The blurbs were then reviewed and refined by the entire staff until everyone was happy with them. You can listen to those involved with the process speak a bit more in-depth about the making of the Mini-Classics in a series of videos produced by Penguin. Here is Part Five, Making the Mini Modern Classics: Copywriting.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a key component of the civil rights movement that seeks to enforce the Constitutions guarantee of every Americans right to vote under the 15th Amendment. The Voting Rights Act was designed to end discrimination against black Americans, particularly those in the South after the Civil War. Text of the Voting Rights Act An important provision of the Voting Rights Act reads: No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. The provision reflected the 15th Amendment of the Constitution, which reads: The right of U.S. citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. History of the Voting Rights Act President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965. The law made it illegal for Congress and state governments to pass voting laws based on race and has been described as the most effective civil rights law ever enacted. Among other provisions, the act prohibited discrimination through the use of poll taxes and the application of literacy tests to determine whether voters could take part in elections. It is widely regarded as enabling the enfranchisement of millions of minority voters and diversifying the electorate and legislative bodies at all levels of American government, according to The Leadership Conference, which advocates for civil rights. Legal Battles The U.S. Supreme Court has issued several major rulings on the Voting Rights Act. The first was in 1966. The court initially upheld the constitutionality of the law. Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinate amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits. After enduring nearly a century of systematic resistance to the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress might well decide to shift the advantage of time and inertia from the perpetrators of the evil to its victims. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court threw out a provision of the Voting Rights Act that required nine states to get federal approval from the Department of Justice or a federal court in Washington, D.C., before making any changes to their election laws. That preclearance provision was originally set to expire in 1970 but was extended numerous times by Congress. The decision was 5-4. Voting to invalidate that provision in the act were Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. Voting in favor of keeping the law intact were Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. Roberts, writing for the majority, said that portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was outdated and that the conditions that originally justified these measures no longer characterizes voting in the covered jurisdictions. Our country has changed. While any racial discrimination in voting is too much, Congress must ensure that the legislation it passes to remedy that problem speaks to current conditions. In the 2013 decision, Roberts cited data that showed turnout among black voters had grown to exceed that of white voters in most of the states originally covered by the Voting Rights Act. His comments suggest that discrimination against blacks had diminished greatly since the 1950s and 1960s. States Impacted The provision struck down by the 2013 ruling covered nine states, most of them in the South. Those states are: AlabamaAlaskaArizonaGeorgiaLouisianaMississippiSouth CarolinaTexasVirginia End of the Voting Rights Act The Supreme Courts 2013 ruling was decried by critics who said it gutted the law. President Barack Obama was sharply critical of the decision. I am deeply disappointed with the Supreme Court’s decision today. For nearly 50 years, the Voting Rights Act – enacted and repeatedly renewed by wide bipartisan majorities in Congress – has helped secure the right to vote for millions of Americans. Today’s decision invalidating one of its core provisions upsets decades of well-established practices that help make sure voting is fair, especially in places where voting discrimination has been historically prevalent. The ruling was praised, however, in states that had been overseen by the federal government. In South Caroline, Attorney General Alan Wilson described the law as an extraordinary intrusion into state sovereignty in certain states. This is a victory for all voters as all states can now act equally without some having to ask for permission or being required to jump through the extraordinary hoops demanded by federal bureaucracy. Congress was expected to take up revisions of the invalidated section of the law in the summer of 2013.

Provide an Ethical Argument against the Use of Dolphins in the US Navy Essay

Provide an Ethical Argument against the Use of Dolphins in the US Navy for Military Purposes - Essay Example Our villages are the most avidly practicing customary and traditional Subsistence users in the United States. The socioeconomic characterization of our region is similar to a Lesser Developed Country (LDC). Before the Magnuson Act, our people stood on the shores of their seasonal food camps and watched international fleets fish off our coasts, destroying species and stocks in their wake and affecting our Subsistence needs. Most prevalent were the Japanese; whose economists dubbed our region, "The Fourth World," to describe the phenomena of third world standard of living conditions within a first world country. Since the early 1970's, and prior to the MIAPA, AVCP subcontracted marine mammal studies and traditional knowledge reports through scientific and technical staff of Nunam. Kitlutsisti (Stewards of the Land). We joined in lobbying the UN and the U.S. and Russian governments to ban high seas driftnet fishing and succeeded. Nunam Kitlutsisti was eventually absorbed into the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) of AVCP. Since then, AVCP has been an actively participating in meetings with the Indigenous Peoples Council on Marine Mammals (IPCoMM), the Eskimo Walrus Commission (EWC), and the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee (ABWC). For decades, AVCP has tried to improve the growing-pains of the assimilation process for Yup'ik Cup'ik immersion into Western economy standards, while maintaining an enduring Native culture. AVCP coordinates regional, social, educational, economic and land / resource management programs. The DNR is extensively involved in programs with the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge (YDNWR), and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. On shared resource issues we work extensively with other Native regional groups along with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the California Department of Fish and Game. AVCP has been co-managing programs with YDNWR and the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge in the following programs: Western Alaska Brown Bear Management Area Agreement, Qauilnguut (Kilbuck) Caribou Herd Management Plan, Lower Yukon Moose Management Plan, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Goose Management Plan (Waterfowl Conservation Committee), Imarpigmiut Ungungsiit Murilkestfit (IUM) (Watchers of the Sea Mammals), Lower Kuskokwim Moose Management Plan, Kuskokwim River Drainage Fisheries Association, Kwethluk Counting Tower (Salmon spawning monitoring), Lower Kuskokwim Moose Management Area. Imarpigmiut Ungungsht Murilkestiit (IUM) (Watchers of the Sea Mammals) AVCP / IUM currently represents 26 coastal villages and voices concerns regarding marine mammal Subsistence and the health and viability of the Bering Sea. With the development of an Iced Seals Commission under our marine mammal program, we are fully prepared to involve all Iced Seals Subsistence user groups in the State of Alaska. AVCP / IUM intends to develop the scientific, traditional and technical expertise we need to become full partners in cooperative management to the benefit of federal partners and for the conservation and Subsistence use

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latin America - Essay Example Last but not the least; deforestation is discussed which is being forecast as pending disaster in Amazonia, Brazil. Some important points are highlighted in this report including the reasons of upcoming disaster and its consequences on the overall economy. Answer 1: Diagnostic characteristics involve the regional, economic, social and cultural differences between Mainland and Rimland cultural areas of Middle America. A well known geographer, John Augelli has highlighted these characteristics and identified Euro- Amerindian as Mainland culture and Euro- African as Rimland culture. It is important to note here that Middle America has great cultural diversity and these groups are considered a main reason of this diversity. Robert B, Kent (2006) has explained that in the areas of Middle America, the RIMLAND population and culture reflect a blend of Euro- African influences. This cultural group covers the areas of West Indies as well as the areas running along east part of Central America. Moreover, RIMLAND cultures are also linked with northern nations of Europe including Great Britain, France and Netherlands. Different European colonies have also emerged that are composed of this cultural group. Rimland cultural group is largely associated with agriculture and plantation economy. Commercial trend of agriculture is also common in this group. Moreover, they are also serving as efficient workers in labor market and various factories. The Euro- Amerindian population of Middle America is associated with Mainland culture. In the beginning, this cultural group prefers to live in Spanish colonies due to the cultural orientations. Nowadays, Mainland cultural group enjoys high estates in Central America. They are self sufficient people associated with agriculture and industry. Answer 3: Most often it is widely claimed that Mexico is the most populated and too crowded country. Among Central American countries, Mexico has the highest population

Lubna Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lubna - Case Study Example Its ability to focus on to continue to move and expand itself without actually facing any resistance to change is its main attribute in achieving this level of success. Role models offer real life examples of how great people actually accomplish things and what traits and characteristics they portray when carrying out their roles and responsibilities. Female role models may be required more in a society like Saudi Arabia which is a close society and better and more improved participation by women can encourage other women to become part of the mainstream society too. It is however, important to note that both male and female role models are required for Saudi Arabian society to move ahead in positive manner. The organization culture during the times of Olyan was based upon hard work and dedication while maintaining the attitude of doing things differently. The overall organizational structure therefore was designed in a manner to delegate work and empower employees to engage in hard work and develop integrity. The major advantage of such organizational structure is that it empowers employees to take risks and become accountable for what they do. For example, use of integrated communication and information technology to connect employees of Olyan Group at global level indicates the ability of the organizational structure to actually develop competence and accountability while at the same time foster team work and delegation. Under Lubna’s leadership, the overall organizational structure has remained more or less same however; there has been a dramatic change in the organizational culture. The culture has become more open and empowering with focus on accommodating women and hardworking employees. One necessary change in the way Group was organized was to restructure the structure in a manner to achieve agility. This new structure allows organization to respond to new changes in more rapid manner and with more agility in focus. It is however, critical to

Literature and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Literature and Community - Essay Example Faulkner introduces Miss Emily Grierson as a woman who has been strictly contained within the boundaries of her father’s old Southern ideals. â€Å"None of the young men were quite good enough to Miss Emily and such. We had long thought of them as a tableau; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door† (437). As a result of his behavior and her confinement, the Grierson family becomes the town’s idealized image of what the Old South should be. As a result, the town insists upon Emily maintaining this role even after her father dies and she is left all alone. Miss Emily attempts to break out of this mold by dating Homer Barron and adopting more Northern ideals. â€Å"Her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows – sort of trag ic and serene† (438), but the town sees her as defying the old order of her class. Her cousins are quickly sent for (by the townspeople) to bring Miss Emily back into her ‘destined’ role. Franz Kafka’s story â€Å"Metamorphosis† centers on the character of Gregor Samsa who wakes up one morning to discover he’s been transformed into the shape of a large bug, possibly a cockroach, which reflects his position in society and the expectations they have for him. It can be argued that Gregor’s transformation is a literal indication of his feelings of separation from humanity, including the members of his own family. Despite waking up to find himself in the form of a bug, Gregor’s primary concern is to get to work so that he can still support his family as he’s been doing for five years. This is the expectation society has placed on him and he has adopted for himself. As he thinks about his condition, he realizes the level of disconnection that has already occurred between

The qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying Essay

The qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying principles - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that epistemology has its origin from Greek and refers to knowledge. Therefore, the term epistemology is the acquired knowledge or explanation of how people come to know about the existence of something. The epistemology knowledge can be acquired through first hand experience or through theoretical study. According to Trochim, epistemology defines and explains how people come to know the reality of life. In general epistemology try to explain some of the following concept; the relationship between the knowledge and the individual who have acquired it, the manner in which the knowledge has been acquired, what is the meaning of the term knowledge to various individuals, and the general explanation of the important of the acquired knowledge to the knowledgeable and the entire society. On the other hand, the term ontology refers to the understanding and explanation of real life situation while the term paradigm is the entire belief systems that help people and researchers in doing their daily activities. It defines a set of practices and activities that are normal and valid in any situation. Therefore, proper understanding of the knowledge under study and the available research methods are the pillars of coming up with the best and practical research method which can bring about the desired outcome. In scientific research various methods are applied on various different scenarios. The paper below is based on explaining and analyzing the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying principles as well as addressing the issue of different epistemological, ontological and methodological worldviews underpinning each of the two perspectives. The paper will also address the ethical considerations relating to research in tourism. Coll (2000, p 90) observed that, paradigm explains the experiment and practical means of acquiring knowledge, beliefs, and ideology on how an activity should be done. It is the mann er in which people acquire the knowledge and understanding of different perspectives. The object being studied should be researched and thoroughly analyzed to get the in depth knowledge and understanding of the subject (Coll 2000, p 91). The knowledge of the paradigm are acquired and approved through observation and analysis of the available ideas and facts. The individuals expected to acquire the paradigm beliefs and ideologies must practice the knowledge acquired to gain consistency and first hand experience. Therefore, knowledge is acquired through the meaning attached to a certain event. Researchers have to come to touch with the subject under study to acquire data necessary in the analysis process. The process to coming into touch with the object under study or the scenario under investigation to collect data is what is referred to as scientific research The interaction with the subject under investigation enhances changes in knowledge to both the researcher and the subject (Co ll, 2000, p. 91). Therefore, the knowledge and understanding of the epistemology differences between the various research paradigm among the research conducted on tourist is pure philosophical but not methodological. Denzin (2002, p. 102) stated that, the researcher theoretical knowledge plays a very crucial role in deciding the method to be used in a research. This is because of the implanted beliefs systems and ideologies about the subject under study. Hence, the researchers in the tourism study were guided by their initial knowledge about the tourism sector. The knowledge which guides the decision on the method can be acquired either through literature review or physical observation of a phenomenon. Therefore, the ontological assumption is squarely responsible for determination of the methodology to be applied in a research. In the study on tourism, the researchers have used the qualitative a

Literature and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Literature and Community - Essay Example Faulkner introduces Miss Emily Grierson as a woman who has been strictly contained within the boundaries of her father’s old Southern ideals. â€Å"None of the young men were quite good enough to Miss Emily and such. We had long thought of them as a tableau; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door† (437). As a result of his behavior and her confinement, the Grierson family becomes the town’s idealized image of what the Old South should be. As a result, the town insists upon Emily maintaining this role even after her father dies and she is left all alone. Miss Emily attempts to break out of this mold by dating Homer Barron and adopting more Northern ideals. â€Å"Her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows – sort of trag ic and serene† (438), but the town sees her as defying the old order of her class. Her cousins are quickly sent for (by the townspeople) to bring Miss Emily back into her ‘destined’ role. Franz Kafka’s story â€Å"Metamorphosis† centers on the character of Gregor Samsa who wakes up one morning to discover he’s been transformed into the shape of a large bug, possibly a cockroach, which reflects his position in society and the expectations they have for him. It can be argued that Gregor’s transformation is a literal indication of his feelings of separation from humanity, including the members of his own family. Despite waking up to find himself in the form of a bug, Gregor’s primary concern is to get to work so that he can still support his family as he’s been doing for five years. This is the expectation society has placed on him and he has adopted for himself. As he thinks about his condition, he realizes the level of disconnection that has already occurred between

Causes of war in Generals Die in Bed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of war in Generals Die in Bed - Essay Example From this perspective, this essay will discuss how the causes of war are presented in Generals Die in Bed. The narrator says â€Å"We have learned who our enemies are – the lice, some of our officers, and Death† (Harrison 69). From where the officers are categorized they are by no means casual enemies of peace and, more importantly, not only within the military rankings. This is an implication that war has its original roots in political ideals and trickles down into the military for execution. For instance, the soldiers are given the controversial story about the sinking of the hospital ship Llandovery Castle by German soldiers, which court proceedings later proved otherwise. However, the controversy of the story politicized it, misleading the soldiers into thinking they were on a revenge mission. Further, when the narrator was sent to Britain after being wounded, a hospital orderly told him â€Å"that was bloody murder, brother. Our officers oughta be shot for that. She was carryin’ supplies and war material† (Harrison 48). Two aspects of the novel portray generals and, by extension politicians, as the perpetrators of war. The most notable one is the book’s title. Then, there is the ending where the narrator says â€Å"and when the war is done and youth stone dead, I’d toddle safely home and die - in bed† (Harrison 152). The implication here is that while generals strategize and send soldiers to war (ideally to war against the strategies of opposing generals and effectively the opposing young soldiers), they remain in the comfort of their homes. It is the soldiers who die in the trenches supposedly in a display of patriotism. However, the book’s titles as well as the ending are a statement that the war is in fact protecting the ideals of politicians through the military generals. This notion can still be viewed from the perspective of bureaucracy from the first chapter one day before

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay Example for Free

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay Emotional Intelligence Mark Orvidas Walden University Introduction I have to say that getting back to considering emotional intelligence has been a bit of a walk down memory lane. When I was working for JJ, I was invited to attend a leadership workshop on emotional intelligence. As you might imagine, and probably have experienced, there were many individual and group exercises. I particularly remember a talk given by Daniel Goleman, he stresses the social aspects of leadership, and how it emotional competencies may trump intellectual competencies once a certain knowledge threshold is achieved. Later, we all receive a personalized copy of his new book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, which was the fall of 1998. New Insights Self-awareness is a basic competency that requires being in touch with our feelings, and using those feelings as a guide to decision making (Goleman, 1998). Being self-aware can help build self-confidence as a leader. While taking the assessment I felt like a Likert scale might be a more accurate scale since I found myself answering a version of â€Å"sometimes† to many questions (Nahavandi, 2012). Consequently, when this happened, I answered false, for to be â€Å"true† it should always be true. That said, my score on the self-awareness subsection was by far the worst (5 of 8). I realized that I really don’t create opportunities to learn about myself, nor do I analyze events that affect me. I usually don’t take things too personally and move on to the next challenge (unless it really was my fault! ). I have to say that I scored pretty well in the other categories, none â€Å"perfect† and I think this is due to the fact the my job for the last 20+ years requires a high degree of self-motivation, self-regulation, understanding and above all, social skill: although, my next lowest score was social skills (12 of 15). I don’t do to well with handling difficult people, and I don’t feel like I am all that persuasive. Usually, I just let the facts speak for themselves. New Impacts I think I will take these results and pay more attention to the details of how a scenario has unfolded and put myself in a position to ask what I could have done differently. Use the opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and learn about myself. I feel like I am a pretty humble, easy-gone person but can be hard on myself when the mistake is mine. I feel that as a public health leader, I would share my missteps with my team and perhaps others may do the same so we all can learn from each other in a non-threatening environment. In doing so, perhaps I will be a more authentic leader and be able to share my vision from a credible position, and others will be inspired to follow my lead. Reference: Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, New York; Bantam Nahavandi, A. (2012). The art and science of leadership (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Terrorism Effect On Tourism Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay

Terrorism Effect On Tourism Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay First of all we must know what is meant by the term Tourism. Mostly the term tourism is taken as the visit and travel to other places then home town or city. The term tour means to visit places whether they are for picnics or for business purposes. Tourism can be defined as to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.  [1]   Mostly business purposes are concerned less with the regard of tourism phenomena. People travel mostly for leisure, enjoyment, relaxation and to break the routine of their daily work life. People travel for many reasons that could be For visiting their relatives in other geographical locations For visiting the places of their interests like monuments, forts, architectural buildings, museums etc. For attending or for to witness any events such like Dubai Shopping festivals, concerts of famous singers and actors, Basant in Pakistan and India etc. For research purposes and for collecting data for research on interested topics For religious activities and worship such as Hajj and Umrah in Islam, Guru Nanak Devs festival in Sikhism, etc. For events like New Year, Christmas, Eid, Independence Day, etc. For medical purposes such as for better treatment opportunities, for better environment for health, etc. For higher education and better jobs and business opportunities For exposure and adventurous purposes And there could be so many reasons and purposes for traveling. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.  [2]   Tourism Industry Tourism industry is one of the most important sectors of the nations economy. Tourism industry is based upon the tourism policies made by administration, tourism development programs and projects, investments in the maintenance of the places for tourists, Ministry of tourism and all the factors and elements effecting the process and activity of tourism. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6% decline.  [3]   Ranks Country UNWTO Regional Market International tourist arrivals (2009)  [4]   International tourist arrivals (2008)  [5]   International tourist arrivals (2007)  [6]   1 France Europe 74.2million 79.2million 80.9million 2 USA North America 54.9million 57.9million 56million 3 Spain Europe 52.2million 57.2 million 58.7 million 4 china Asia 50.9 million 53 million 54.7 million 5 Italy Europe 43.2 million 42.7 million 43.7 million 6 UK Europe 28 million 30.1 million 30.9 million 7 Turkey Europe 25.5 million 25 million 22.2 million 8 Germany Europe 24.2 million 24.9 million 24.4 million 9 Malaysia Asia 23.6 million 22.1 million 21 million 10 Mexico North America 21.5 million 22.6 million 21.4 million The World Tourism Organization reports the above ten countries as the most visited from 2007 to 2009 by the number of international travelers. By the given table we can see that most of the top visited countries lie in the region of Europe continent. This also shows the importance of the tourism industrial sector importance in the economy of Europe. Germany, France and Italy tourism receipts can be seen in the following table. The table shows the earnings of three developed states of Europe in tourism industry. Country International Tourism Receipts (2009)  [7]   International Tourism Receipts (2008)  [8]   International Tourism Receipts (2007)  [9]   France 48.7billion$ 55.6billion$ 54.3billion$ Italy 40.2billion$ 45.7billion$ 42.7billion$ Germany 34.7billion$ 40billion$ 36billion$ We can see from the above table that how the tourism receipts of three important and developed countries of Europe rise and fall during the period of 2007 to 2009. Country International Tourism Receipts (2009)  [10]   International Tourism Receipts (2008)  [11]   International Tourism Receipts (2007)  [12]   France 38.9billion$ 43.1billion$ 36.7billion$ Italy 27.8billion$ 30.8billion$ 27.3billion$ Germany 80.8billion$ 91billion$ 83.1billion$ The World Tourism Organization reports above data that how much these three states spend on their tourism industry. German tourists are said to be the top spenders in the tourism Industry. Tourism industrial sector has great importance in each and every nations economy because its a great and direct source of generating foreign exchange rate. Pakistans Tourism Industry Pakistan is one of the very few countries which is not only blessed by Cultural Heritage, Old Civilizations, Landscapes, Archaeological Ruins and Historic Monuments but also blessed by almost all kinds of weather and geographical areas. Pakistan is a destination that has so much to offer visitors from outside. By UNESCO World Heritage Site the list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. This list suggests catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural and natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Pakistan is also one of the states identified as a tourism site for international tourism activity. There are 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site within the geographical boundaries of Pakistan as followed Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh Buddhist Ruins at Takht-i-Bahi and Neighboring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Taxila, Punjab Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Punjab Historic Monuments of Thatta, Sindh Rohtas Fort, Punjab  [13]   UNESCO World Heritage Site not only makes the list but also provides funds and support for the maintenance of these sites and to promote the tourism industrial sector of the state. Pakistan besides these 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site has much more to offer tourists. Following are the sites other then the above 6 sites. Karakoram Highway through the endless peaks of the Karakoram Mountains Architectural buildings and gardens of former Mughal capital city Lahore The ancient bazaars of Quetta Beautiful beaches and the cosmopolitan streets of Karachi Hill stations and summer resorts like Murree Hiran Minar in Sheikhupura constructed by Emperor Jahangir a monument to Mansraj, one of his pet deer Gurdwara Guru Nanak Temple Nankana Sahab. Mausoleums like Tomb of Jahangir, Tomb of Anarkali, and Khari Shareef etc. Changa Manga a planted forest and a wildlife center in Lahore District, Punjab Cities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, etc containing entertainment sites like parks, restaurants, hotels, picnic areas, safari parks, cinemas, theatres, art exhibitions, concerts, dance clubs etc Landscapes like Naraan, Kaghaan, Jheel Saif-ul-Malook, Siri Paaye, K2 mountain, Hunza and Chitral Valley etc And there are many more magnificent places in different areas of the states and is hard to count them and show them all in one list. During 1993, Pakistan received 0.379 million foreign tourists recording an increase of 7.7 per cent compared to previous years. Pakistan has earned Rs. 126 million US dollars in 1993 from foreign tourists indicating an increase of 5.4 per cent compared to 1992.  [14]   Pakistan with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country. Its almost the double of that a decade ago. Before the Global economic crisis over the world Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually.  [15]   In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian (also formerly known as The Manchester Guardian) which is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group, released The top five tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help the countrys tourism industry.  [16]  These sites are as followed Taxila, Punjab City Lahore, Punjab The Karakoram Highway is the highest road in the world, winding through the Karakoram mountain range and connecting to China In the lush Hunza valley, the sleepy village of Karimabad is a tourist oasis. An exhilarating jeep drive from the resort town of Narran lie the still waters and snow-capped mountains of Lake Saif-ul-Malook  [17]   To promote Pakistans unique and various cultural heritages, the Prime Minister launched the Visit Pakistan marketing campaign in 2007. This campaign involved various events throughout the year including fairs and religious festivals, regional sporting events, various arts and craft shows, folk festivals and several openings of historical museums.  [18]   The Tourism industry of Pakistan is growing with very slow speed. It can progress with rapid growth. Because of the boost up in the foreign investment and funding, Pakistan is becoming more capable of building and improving its infrastructure including air networks and facilities of movements of cargo and inter-city travel which are much improved and still improving day by day. Roads like Motor Way and Karakoram highway promoted traveling so much. But still the government has not been able to take the tourism market seriously within Pakistan. There are many reasons for this like Political instability, Crisis situations like Earthquake and Flood, tourist attractions which have not been funded or protected due to the government giving the tourism market a low priority. But I have noticed that besides these problems and instable situations, one of the major reasons in the decline of Tourism industry in Pakistan is the high threat of terrorism attacks and bomb blasts occurrence in Pakist ans major and capital Cities. Terrorism is hitting very hardly on the reputation of Pakistans relation with peace. To understand the phenomena of Terrorism we will now discuss about it and then well check the effects and its influence on the Tourism industrial sector of Pakistan. Terrorism Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.  [19]  The definitions of terrorism is those violent acts which are intended to create fear and terror among the people, are perpetrated and performed for a religious, political or ideological goals, and its deliberate targets are the innocent civilians. After the incident of 911 collapse of World Trade Centre in 2001 September 11 at New York City, the whole world become crazy of the phenomena of the term Terrorism. Terrorism not only affected the national security measures but also changed the view of peoples trust and relations with each other. Terrorism is the most serious issue of the international relations among the nations. Terrorism created numerous disputes among the different states and people. Mostly the disputes arises among the religious groups and the mostly the religious groups are targeted to Muslims. Although Large numbers of Muslims are against such act of violence and deadly bomb blast s. The Groups which are considered to be responsible for such terrorist activities are mostly considered to be the Muslim group called AL-Qaeda. AL-Qaeda is a militant Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988 and late 1989. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for global Jihad. It is considered a terrorist organization.  [20]   AL-Qaeda has attacked many innocent civilians and targeted many military locations and offices in various countries, most notably the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001. Im not suggesting that the AL-Qaeda is the only group which performs the terrorism activities. It could be possible that many terrorism activities were performed by the local groups, by any political party or by any extremist group to achieve or gain the success of their own interests. Thats why from onwards I will use the term Terrorists which is not referred to any specific group but to the people who perform such violence and deadly activities which are intended to create fear and terror among the people to achieve the interests of their own. Recent Attacks of terrorism shows that the new targets of Terrorists are the following Foreigners, tourists, travelers, and Office holders specially of the posts in foreign states Diplomat residences and Diplomats office bearers Hotels and Restaurants which are mostly the centre of attraction of foreigners, tourists and travelers. Foreigner Office bearers in local state Embassies of other states specially the European and American embassies Air network and Air lines such as Flights, private jets, air planes, etc. Sites which are dedicated to tourists and travelers such as Railway stations, air ports, sea ports, etc. Air ports are specially endangered targeted site of terrorists because large number of foreigners uses this facility of transportation. Terrorists are today unstoppable because of their tactic of Suicide attack often called as suicide bombers. The world is so disturbed by such tactic because firstly its hard to stop such person to explode himher self and secondly these suicide bombers are trained and being mind washed to make themselves to explode themselves. Although USA declared the war against terrorism but the truth is that terrorists and terrorism activities are beyond the control of any state or agency. Terrorism Attacks The concept of terrorist attacks are as old as the warfare and the geographical boundaries disputes but mostly the incident of United States, September 11 2001 is considered the starting date of massive attacks of terrorism in nations. Usually when ever we talk about Start of Terrorism or increase in the terrorism attacks, 911 is the incident which people usually recall to their minds. No doubt in it that after the 911 incident the terrorism activities increased with a great boost and almost each and every country of the world became the victim of the Suicidal attacks and Bomb Blasts. Thousands of people lost their lives. Following is the table of international terrorist attacks by death toll.  [21]   Estimate Name Country City Year 2,976 September11, 2001 Attacks United States New York 2001 796 2007 Qahtaniya bombings Iraq Qahtaniya 2007 334 Beslan School Siege Russia Beslan 2004 209 Mumbai train bombings India Mumbai 2006 191 March 11, 2004 Madrid train bombings Spain Madrid 2004 136 2007 Karachi bombing Pakistan Karachi 2007 116 Super ferry 14 bombing Philippines 2004 112 2006 Digampathana bombing Sri Lanka Digampathana 2006 100 2008 Kandahar bombing Afghanistan Kandahar 2008 90 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh 2005 74 July 2010 Kampala attacks Uganda Kampala 2010 27+ July 2010 Zahedan bombings Iran Zahedan 2010 6 2009 International Islamic University bombing Pakistan Islamabad 2009 We can see in the above table that why the incident of 911 is considered to be the boost up in the terrorism activities. By the help of death tool Terrorists attacks table we can see that the largest death and loss of lives occurred in the attacks of World Trade Center in 2001. The attacks after 2001 in different cities and states dont even come up to half of the death casualties appeared in 911 attacks. The world policies and Issues of National Security changed overnight after the incident of 911. USA becomes very strict in the immigration policies and also in the approval of Visas. Not only USA but also many developed states like UK, Germany, France, Canada and many European states adopted the strict policies of Visa approval and immigration policies. Terrorism Attacks in Pakistan Pakistan also becomes the victim of terrorist attacks after the 911 incident. Following is the table derived from World Terrorist Attacks by death tool.  [22]   Estimate Name City Year 136 2007 Karachi bombing Karachi 2007 117 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2009 110 10 October 2008 Orakzai bombing Orakzai 2008 105 2010 Lakki Marwat suicide bombing Lakki Marwat 2010 104 Mohmand Agency attack Mohmand Agency 2010 98 May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in Lahore Lahore 2010 72+ March 2010 Lahore bombings Lahore 2010 70 2008 Wah bombing Wah 2008 58 April 2010 Kohat bombings Kohat 2010 56 2008 Ahmedabad bombings Ahmedabad 2008 54 December 2009 Lahore attacks Lahore 2009 54 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing Islamabad 2008 50 5 April 2010 Peshawar bombings Peshawar 2010 50 July 2010 Lahore bombings Lahore 2010 48 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing Jamrud 2009 47 2008 Parachinar bombing Parachinar 2008 43 2009 Karachi bombing Karachi 2009 38 October 2009 Lahore attacks Lahore 2009 38 December 2009 Rawalpindi attack Rawalpindi 2009 35 November 2009 Rawalpindi bombing Rawalpindi 2009 35 2009 Lahore bombing Lahore 2009 35 September 2008 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2008 33 December 2009 Dera Ghazi Khan bombing Dera Ghazi Khan 2009 30 February 2010 Khyber Mosque bombing Khyber Agency 2010 25+ February 2010 Karachi bombings Karachi 2010 25 19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2010 23 2009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attack Punjab 2009 19 February 2010 Khyber bombing Khyber 2010 16 January 2010 Bajaur bombing Bajaur 2010 12 December 2009 Lower Dir mosque bombing Pakistan Lower Dir 2009 10 February 2010 Lower Dir bombing Lower Dir 2010 8 2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad Islamabad 2008 8 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team Lahore 2009 6 2009 International Islamic University bombing Islamabad 2009 We can see in the table that 7 terrorist attacks occurred in Lahore, 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Capital City Islamabad and 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Karachi, which are not only the major cities of Pakistan but also the centre of Tourists to Pakistan. During the period of 2007 to 2010 the total estimate of death casualties is more then 1660 (Sixteen hundred and sixty) people. The security issue is the big issue in every city of Pakistan especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. We can see that large number of Security measures have been taken to prevent such disastrous situations. The terrorists attacks in International Islamic University at Islamabad in 2009 not only terrorized the National Security but also lend great impacts upon the security measures of Educational and other institutions. Many terrorists attacks in Shopping Malls and local Markets raised the question of how to increase the Security measures? Citizens are even more terrified by the Bomb blasts in Hous ing Societies like Iqbal Town, Samanabad and Model Town. The general behavior of citizens of Pakistan is that they are not safe and the measures which are taken for Local and National Security are useless. The security measures at local level have been very much increased with a dramatic change in behaviors of Citizens. Four years earlier citizens wont bother for an unknown car parked in there alleys but now situation is so different. Even kids now notices unknown parked Cars and activities of strangers in their streets or areas. Different people have different opinions about these Terrorism attacks but these Terrorism Attacks have influenced each and every body from young to old, student to worker, Businessman to employee, Citizens to Foreigners. Terrorism effect on Tourism Industry Terrorism Attacks and Terrorists activities has great impact on the Tourism industrial Sector. Terrorism has a great and direct relation with the policies of tourism industry. Terrorism deeply influences the policies of Visa approval and the immigration process policies which plays an important role in the process of tourism activities and movement. We can see that after the 911 incident, USA termed very strict policies in the Visa approval and immigration especially for the citizens of Islamic states and for the Muslims. The strict policies are not only followed by USA but also by many other developed states like Canada, Australia, as well as many European states like Germany, France, Norway, UK, Italy, Denmark and many more. Underdeveloped states like India also followed such strict policies. The Strict Visa approval policies and the immigration policies are made to secure and promote the National Security of the states and nations. Terrorism attacks and terrorism activities influe nces directly the Visa approval and immigration policies. As the state will suffer more terrorism attacks the state will Grant less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners. The state will also Grant less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners and citizens of those states where there exists Great Terrorism Activities and where Terrorists attacks had been occurred. The Activities of Terrorism has negative effect on the grant of Visas and Immigrations. Although today the world became a global village after the inventions of better transportations (like Airplanes, Air Jets, Ships, Electric Trains and Fast cars like Ferrari, Jaguar, and BMW etc) and much improved infrastructures. Better infrastructure dramatically increased the tourists movements in the world but after these terrorists attacks, we can see appearance of decline in the Tourism Industry World wide. There is a great and increasingly decline in tourists arrivals in each year. The major reason for the decline in the Tourism economy is the Terrorism Activities. Terrorism effect on Tourism Industry in Pakistan We can see that large number of Terrorist attacks occurred in the city Lahore which is also a tourist and cultural hub of the Pakistan. Lahore is the city with many architectural buildings, Gardens of Mughal period, Monuments like Minar-e-Pakistan, Lahore Fort, Mosques of Mughal Period, Museums, Hotels and other entertainment sectors like Cinemas, Restaurants, and Family Parks etc. After these terrorist attacks Lahore is considered the most dangerous city in Pakistan to Travel. Since 2007 till 2010 there have been 7 terrorists attacks in which more then 355 people are killed. As we have discussed earlier that there had been more then 36 terrorist attacks since 2007 in which more then 1660 death casualties appeared. The estimated deaths could be far more then calculated. After these terrorists attacks the number of tourists are declining each year, especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. Various campaigns are formed to attract tourist from around the world and to promote the Tour ism economy of the state but still the number of tourists has been dropping each year constantly. This year it dropped by 6% as compared to the figures of last year data. Its the harsh image, bad reputation of the political system and weak National security measures that is discouraging traveling and tourism economy to promote. Pakistans Minister of Tourism sees the situation very differently and says Things are not good in many parts of the world. There are crime problems. There are slums. There are terrorist problems. Sri Lanka has had the Tamil Tigers for decades and people still go, if you think where you are going should be completely peaceful, you will be constricted in your options. Being a tourist in the 21st Century requires a little courage  [23]   But people dont travel and dont perform tourism activities to show their courage or bravery. The act of Tourism is in itself an activity of both mind and physical Relaxation. According to me how Minister of Tourism can use these lines to promote Tourism economy of the state? Or what kind of excuse it is for decline in Tourism economy? I think its funny that our Minister of Tourism Industry suggests that besides the instable political system, crisis situations like Flood and Earthquakes, and Terrorists Attacks, we should not be afraid to travel to Pakistan. How is it possible that foreigners and tourists change their behavior and thinking like this when citizens of Pakistan are seeking for immigration opportunities and to abandon their Home towns and Birth place. You can see by yourself that people are always cursing Government and politics especially with regarding to the issues of Inflations and Terrorism Activities. Citizens are so terrified to go to mosques for Prayers and even to go to Markets for shopping all because of these Terrorist Attacks and Activities. The World Economic Forum produced the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report in 2009. The report provides a cross-country analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in travel and tourism, providing useful comparative information for making business decisions and additional value to governments wishing to improve their travel and tourism environments.  [24]   Pakistan ranked 113 out of 130 countries on the List of Global countries chart which should be visited and which are the great deal of Tourism activities. Last year Pakistan ranked 111 out of 124 countries, so in reality Pakistans ranking remains stagnant. On the other side Pakistans neighbor India ranked 11th in the Asian region and 62nd in the world overall. Although Pakistan ranked well in price competitiveness in the industry mainly because of low fuel prices, high purchasing power parity, and the extent of effect of taxation. Pakistan also ranked well in the number of heritage and cultural sites, and creative industr

Intelligent Design vs. Evolution Essay example -- essays research pape

There is a major controversy brewing in the educational field today. Scientist, teachers, professors, and many others are debating where the world and its habitats originally came from. This is the debate of Intelligent Design (ID) and Evolution. The main debating question of many scholars being, "Is the universe self-contained or does it require something beyond itself to explain its existence and internal function?". Intelligent Design is the idea that living creatures on Earth are so complex that, they could not possibly have been created through the natural selection. It is the belief that there must be an ?intelligent designer? that created us all. This creator is usually referenced as God. However, it may also be referenced to as an alien. Intelligent design leaves that possibility open as well. Many professionals feel that intelligent design is not a scientific theory that can be tested. They feel it is more of an opinion, preference, or belief. The evolutionary theory is the concept that species evolve over time through the mechanism of natural selection of survival and reproduction. Natural selection means acting on the assumption that various living organisms were produced by genetic diversity and mutation. The evolution theory may also be referred to as the philosophizing science. This theory states that all phenomena are derived from natural causes and can be explained by scientific laws without reference to a plan or purpose. Talking on both sides of the debate, each side feels as though the other has no scientific reasoning come up with their theory. In reading the article written by Shipman, the evolutionists believe that intelligent design has no concrete evidence on how the world was crea... ...ies. I believe that by this age, the student has a basic understanding of what the debate is about. At this age, one can make an adult decision and understand what he or she basis that decision on. At an age any younger, children can not possible understand the depth of the debate. The bias of the teacher could possible mold them into their decisions depending on which theory they believe. In conclusion, it is my belief that the universe came about from a creator of intelligent design. The basis for this belief is probably more biased than concrete. However, I still hang on to the fact on the Bible is an eye witness account to the occurrence of the creation of all. Shipman, Pat. ?Being Stalked by Intelligent Design.? American Scientist 93, Issue 6 (2205): 500-502 Hereen, Fred. ?The Lynching of Bill Dembski.? American Spectator 33, Issue 9 (2000): 44-50

Causes of Revolutionary War DBQ Essay

The colonists had endured much turmoil before the 1770s. Colonists had to fight the Native Americans and Spanish for their land. Furthermore, there was the French and Indian War in which the colonists joined forces for the first time to defeat the French and Native Americans for their land. It was during this time that the colonists learned that if they worked together, they were capable of achieving things on their own, without the help of the British. There is not one simple cause of the Revolutionary War but events that create a chain reaction. These events are as follows: the Stamp Act and taxation, colonial unity and resistance to this taxation, and Great Britain’s response to the colonial resistance. An initial cause behind the Revolutionary War was the Stamp Act passed in 1765 by the British Parliament. This caused uproar in the colonies because it was â€Å"Taxation without Representation,† and the colonists believed that â€Å"only representatives elected by the colonists had the right to tax the colonies† (Doc. D). Furthermore, the colonists were not just taxed on paper and official documents. They were also taxed on tea, and according to a biography on Paul Revere, â€Å"taxing such a vital beverage sparked continued hostility† (Doc. E). This hostility increased and spread amongst the colonists which lead to much resistance and confrontation. The colonists were livid at the taxation imposed by the British. Many colonies held protests against these taxes (Doc. G), and one colonist, Thomas Paine, published a pamphlet titled Common Sense which â€Å"urged Americans to declare independence from Great Britain† (Doc. C). This â€Å"paved the way for the Declaration of Independence† (Doc. C). Moreover, there were inter-colonial organizations that coordinated these protests and much more. For example, the Sons of Liberty were very influential in colonial resistance. They â€Å"plac[ed] themselves between the colonial leadership and the mob† (Doc. B), the mob being the enraged colonists in the streets. As a result of this resistance, Great Britain was forced to take action, not only in the colonies but in parliament as well. As the colonists raged on, the British  were forced to act in perseverance. Take for example the Boston Massacre. The colonists were rioting in the street and antagonizing the British soldiers. Captain Thomas Preston responded to this by ordering his men to â€Å"load their muskets† (Doc. H), and as a result of this five colonists were killed by British men. Furthermore, Parliament was required to act after the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was when colonists dressed as Native Americans and dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor, and â€Å"the result of the Boston Tea Party was a greatly angered British parliament, which responded to the rebellion by closing the port of Boston and dissolving the authority of local courts† (Doc. E). These acts were known as the â€Å"Intolerable Acts.† The American Revolution was a war in the making ever since the French and Indian War. Beginning with the numerous taxation laws, which led to much resistance from the colonies, causing more taxation and laws from the British, eventually the colonists had had enough and started a full-scale rebellion which led to the foundation of the United States of America.

Code Switching Essay

Abstract: Though codeswitching research may vary from context to context and situation to situation, the common factors for code switching will be threefold. That is, code switching deals with languages in contact. In interactive social situations code switching will be the use of more than one language For example the interaction during various social events involving interlocutors who know more than one language. With these common factors of code switching this paper looks into the Malaysian context with special thrust to the various reasons involved for code switching during the social interactions. Data for the present paper were collected from the Tamil speaking undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Their interaction in different identified domains involving three languages viz. Tamil, Malay and English were looked into. Gumperz (1982) while discussing the communicative function of code switching, claims that the speaker plays upon the connection of the we-code to create conversational effect. Thus code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential functions of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Apart from this function of code switching ,this paper could identifies several other reasons for code switching in the situations under study. Communicative functions and Reasons for Codeswitching : Malaysian Perspective . Code switching is an everyday reality in every place where more than one language is spoken in everyday communications. Many scholars have studied  extensively about the patterns of code switching and the reasons for code switching. The present paper discusses the communicative functions of code switching and also the sociolinguistic, cultural and pedagogic reasons for code switching in the Malaysian context. Data for the present study were collected from Tamil speaking University students who have enrolled as undergraduate students in the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. The data were collected from these students while they were interacting in different domains viz. classroom, university campus, family, market, neighborhood etc. In all these domains they have to interact with Malay and Chinese speakers apart from as well as with other Tamil speakers. It is observed that all the students from whom the data were collected are competent to a certain extent in Tamil, Malay and English. Communicative Functions of Codeswitching Gumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the discourse function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function of language. A speaker plays upon the connotation of the we-code to create a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential function of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Halliday (1975) on the other hand, views code switching as fulfilling the interpersonal function of communication. Here the mixed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In other words, it is the use of language to act as a mediator between self and participants in the communicative event. In fulfilling the relational and referential functions, code switching is seen as the medium to convey both social and linguistic meanings. Gumperz (pg. 144, 1982) lists examples of situations created to convey meaning as given below: to appeal to the literate to appeal to the illiterate to convey precise meaning to ease communication, i.e., utilizing the shortest and the easiest route to negotiate with greater authority to capture attention, i.e. stylistic, emphatic, emotional to emphasize a point to communicate more effectively to identify with a particular group to close the status gap to establish goodwill and support Karen Kow (2003) listed in her article a few possible conditions for code switching. Some of the conditions given are, lack of one word in either language Some activities have only been experienced in one of the languages Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languages A misunderstanding has to be clarified One wishes to create a certain communication effect One continues to speak the language latest used because of the trigger effect One wants to make a point One wishes to express group solidarity One wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue. Kow suggests that from the list above, it may be possible to predict which conditions act on a particular sociolinguistic context for codeswitching, for example, when a person who lacks a word in English due to limited vocabulary code switches by using the lexical component from his/her first language instead of English. Therefore, the function here is to overcome the language barrier to meaning-making. Another example is a condition where the speaker, intending to express group solidarity, employs code switching. The function for the switch in this case is to establish goodwill and rapport. Similarly series of conditions can be established for the phenomenon of code switching depending on the social context. Such communicative functions of codeswitching can also be listed according to the functions that they try to accomplish. Among these, the following ten functions have been described in the professional literature (Malik, 1994): Lack of Facility Lack of Register Mood of the Speaker To emphasize a point Habitual Experience Semantic significance To show identity with a group To address a different audience Pragmatic reasons To attract attention. 1. Lack of facility : According to Malik (1994), bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly. He offers the example of â€Å"Charan Sparsh† (touching feet) that does not convey the same meaning in the speaker’s code as it does in Hindi. The reason for switching may however be culturally conditioned and David (2003) notes that an alien concept often has a speaker switch to the language from which the concept is borrowed. For example, like the lexical item social drinker in English that is unacceptable in a Malay situation because of the simple fact that drinking alcohol is prohibited in Islam and the Malay-Muslim world does not have a word for it that is equivalent to its meaning in English. Hence, the phrase social drinker is directly borrowed and used as an instance of phrase level mixing as in the following example: Saya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drinker [I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker] 2. Lack of register: When speakers are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know the terms in two languages, then codeswitching occurs. For example, college students often code switch by moving from Hindi to English. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers while they interact among  themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Hindi or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, they utilize the English terminology that they are familiar with. Thus, one can identify a great deal of lexical code mixing. As David (2003) notes, it is vital for a courtroom setting in Malaysia that a specific terminology be used to refer correctly to an object or a character. The use of the exact terminology or vocabulary is important in this setting when the terminology plays an important role and has the potentiality to make a major impact on life and death, freedom or imprisonment. Therefore, whichever the code is that enables the speaker to get his/her exact meaning across will be the one that is acceptable to the interactants including one where language mixing occurs. The following example cited by David is to the point: Ujian alcohol telah dijalankan iaitu breath analyzer test. [The alcohol test was conducted, i.e., a breath analyzer test] The term breath analyzer is in English rather than in the matrix language, Bahasa Malaysia, simply because of its context-bound significance. 3. Mood of the speaker: Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the right state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages (X and Y) but the language Y may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated. 4. To emphasize a point: Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point.  She has taken an example from English/German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the statement. Meanwhile, David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to show how a defending lawyer uses dominant Bahasa Malaysia to start with and shifts to English to emphasize an important point to the judge that the accused had not committed any crime for 10 years. Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap pada tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has been a 10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga, mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf†. [Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986†¦..since then OKT has married and has held a steady job] 5. Habitual experience: Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the mother gives short commands to their children in English, such as Don’t do that†¦. and the rest of the mother’s warning will be in Spanish. David (2003), in turn, cites an example of habitual mixed discourse in a Malaysian courtroom where the dominant or matrix language is Bahasa Malaysia: Kes merupakan arrest case atau kes saman? [Is this an arrest case or a summons case?] 6. Semantic significance: Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information. By the same token, David (2003) describes a range of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations. It is not only the lawyer who code switches, but also the judge. The example below shows how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the national language and the official language at Malaysian courts, to English as a face saving gesture: Kenapa kamu tak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG Boy dan dah tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan, saya maksudkan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [Why don’t you agree – Bg Boy responded to the first call and surely Dos asked where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean†¦.] 7. To show identity with a group: Di Pietro (1977) reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences (cited in Malik, 1994). 8. To address a different audience: Malik (1994) states that code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds. For example, in India the television announcer often uses Hindi as it is the national language but also switches to English. Also, he often repeats the same in English for South Indians or Indian people who do not know Hindi. Similar types of situations have also been reported in some other settings. Linguistic reinforcement often takes place even in courts, according to David (2003) where counsels tend to speak to a number of different interlocutors at the same time. During such occasions obviously they mix codes or switch codes accordint to the ethnicity of the addressee. One reason for such use of mixed languages is to address simultaneously persons from different linguistic backgrounds. Also, the speaker clearly distinguishes whom he/she addresses and what should be communicated. Hence,  the speaker uses part of the sentence in one language and the other part in another language. In the example below the lawyer used a mixed discourse of English/Malay, and the part of his utterance in English is directed to the judge and the other in Malay is meant for the witness. Objection, ada dua fakta di sini.The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it is a clear indication of misinformation. mana satu nak jawab? [Objection, there are two facts here. The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it’s a clear indication of misinformation. Which one do you want to answer?] The code switch is important as the judgment is dependent on the argument of the lawyer